Factors Affecting Muscular Force Generation

The magnitude of the force generated by muscle is also related to the velocity of muscle shortening, the length of the muscle when it is stimulated, and the period of time since the muscle received a stimulus. Because these factors are significant determiners of muscle force.
(a) Force-Velocity Relationship
The maximal force that a muscle can develop is governed by the velocity of the muscle’s shortening or lengthening.
(b) Length-Tension Relationship
The amount of maximum isometric tension a muscle is capable of producing is partly dependent on the muscle’s length. In single muscle fibers, isolated muscle preparations, and in vivo human muscles, force generation is at its peak when the muscle is slightly stretched. Conversely, muscle tension development capability is less following muscle shortening. Both the duration of muscle stretch or shortening and the time since stretch or shortening affect force generation capability.
(c) Electromechanical Delay
When a muscle is stimulated, a brief period elapse before the muscle begins to develop tension and is referred to as electromechanical delay(EMD), this time is believed to be needed for the contractile component of the muscle to stretch the series elastic component(SEC). During this time, muscle laxity is eliminated. Once the SEC is sufficiently stretched, tension development proceeds.

Irritability and the Ability to Develop Tension

Irritability is the ability to respond to a stimulus. Stimuli affecting
muscles are either electrochemical, such as an action potential from the
attaching nerve or mechanical, such as an external blow to a portion of
a muscle. When activated by a stimulus, muscle responds by
developing tension.

Extensibility and Elasticity

Extensibility is the ability to be stretched or increase in length, and
elasticity is the ability to return to normal length after a stretch. Muscle’s
elasticity returns it to normal resting length following a stretch and
provides for the smooth transmission of tension from muscle to bone.

Volume, Density, Torque and Impulse

Volume, Density, Torque and Impulse
A body’s volume is the amount of space that it occupies. Density
combines the mass of a body with the body volume. Density is defined
as mass per unit of volume. A rotary effect created by an eccentric force
is known as torque or moment of force. Torque, which may be thought
of as rotary force, is the angular equivalent of linear force. Impulse is
defined as product of force and the time over which the force acts.

Centre of Gravity, Weight and Pressure

Centre of Gravity, Weight and Pressure
A body’s centre of gravity, or centre of mass, is the point around which
the body’s weight is equally balanced, no matter how the body is
positioned. Weight is defined as the amount of gravitational force
exerted on a body. Pressure is defined as force distributed over a given
area.

Inertia, Mass and Force

Inertia, Mass and Force
Inertia means resistance to action or to change. Inertia is the tendency
of a body to maintain its current state of motion, whether motionless or
moving with a constant velocity. Mass is the quantity of matter
composing a body. Force can be thought of as a push or a pull on a
body. Each force is characterised by its magnitude, direction, and point
of application to a given body.