Why children may give up sport

In general, sport participation increases in primary and middle school years and decreases in upper school years, and boys do more sport than girls. This may be partly because ore teams are run for boys than girls, so they have more opportunities. The lack of suitable opportunities and support to develop their talents may sometimes cause children to withdraw from sport, but their achievement goals generally have more to do with it.

Causes of children’s anxiety in sport

The main features of each type of anxiety are described below;

· Generalized anxiety

Describes worries or fears which are not isolated to any one situation or event but which are generalized by the youngster to cover a wide range of future events

· Separation anxiety

Caused by worries about real or imagined separation from a parent because of illness, injury or death.

· Social anxiety

Caused by fears or worries about loss of friend attractiveness or meeting new people.

· Performance anxiety

Can occur when the child is called upon to take a test, speak in front of others in the classroom, or compete against someone in sport.

· Fears and phobias

Extreme states of anxiety linked to particular objects, persons or situations. For example, visiting the dentist or having an injection are common childhood fears. In some cases, though, extreme fear can result in the child avoiding certain situations (phobias).

YMCA 3-minute Step Test

Image:www.topendsports.com

This page describes the procedure for conducting the YMCA version of a step test.

purpose: a step test provides a measure of cardio-respiratory or endurance fitness (see also other step tests) .

equipment required: 12 inch (30 cm) step, stopwatch, metronome or cadence tape, stethoscope.

description: Begin by demonstrating the alternating stepping cadence to the subject. In time with the beat step one foot up on the bench (1st beat), step up with the second foot (2nd beat), step down with one foot (3rd beat), and step down with the other foot (4th beat.) Allow the subject to practice the stepping to the metronome cadence, which is set at 96 beats per minute (4 clicks = one step cycle) for a stepping rate of 24 steps per minute. The athlete steps up and down on the platform at the given rate for a total of 3 minutes. The athlete immediately stops on completion of the test and sits down and remains still. Starting within 5 seconds, the tester is to count the subject's heart rate (ideally with a stethoscope) for one complete minute.

scoring: The total one-minute post-exercise heart rate is the subject's score for the test.

advantages: all step tests require minimal equipment and costs, and if required the test can be self-administered.

disadvantages: As the step is the same size for all people (men and women), biomechanical characteristics such as height and lower limb length may give an advantage

NORM

Ratings for Men, Based on Age(http://www.sparkpeople.com)

	18-25	26-35	36-45	46-55	56-65	65+
Excellent	50-76	51-76	49-76	56-82	60-77	59-81
Good	79-84	79-85	80-88	87-93	86-94	87-92
Above Average	88-93	88-94	92-88	95-101	97-100	94-102
Average	95-100	96-102	100-105	103-111	103-109	104-110
Below Average	102-107	104-110	108-113	113-119	111-117	114-118
Poor	111-119	114-121	116-124	121-126	119-128	121-126
Very Poor	124-157	126-161	130-163	131-159	131-154	130-151

Ratings for Women, Based on Age(http://www.sparkpeople.com)

	18-25	26-35	36-45	46-55	56-65	65+
Excellent	52-81	58-80	51-84	63-91	60-92	70-92
Good	85-93	85-92	89-96	95-101	97-103	96-101
Above Average	96-102	95-101	100-104	104-110	106-111	104-111
Average	104-110	104-110	107-112	113-118	113-118	116-121
Below Average	113-120	113-119	115-120	120-124	119-127	123-126
Poor	122-131	122-129	124-132	126-132	129-135	128-133
Very Poor	135-169	134-171	137-169	137-171	141-174	135-155

REF:

http://www.topendsports.com/

http://www.exrx.net/

http://www.sparkpeople.com/

http://www.gmvymca.org/

Brazil wins Confederation Cup

Holders Brazil fought back from 2-0 down with three second-half goals to beat the United States 3-2 and win the Confederations Cup for the third time in an entertaining final this morning (AEST).Goals from Clint Dempsey and Landon Donovan gave the U.S. a 2-0 lead over Brazil at halftime in soccer’s Confederation Cup final.

Dempsey touched in the opener after nine minutes in the U.S.’s first attack of the game at Johannesburg’s Ellis Park stadium today. Donovan finished off a counter in the 27th minute for the second score.

Why Minerals?

Minerals are amazing! They're amazing because even in infinitesimal amount these nutrients can produce unexplainable, benefical changes in body chemistry. Minerals are nutrients required by body to help facilitate a multitude of biochemical and physiology precesses necessary for the maintenance of life. Plant source minerals are from mother nature herself! Nothing is more beneficial than a full range of plant source minerals sourced from deposits that is thousand years old.

The Importance of Fruits and Vegetables in Your Diet

"Vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals are very important for our health and well-being.It is now widely recognized that taking supplements daily can help to prevent or control many diseases and premature ageing." Scientific Review Journal of the American Medical Association, 19June 2002.

"Everyday, our body needs 90 essential nutrients. Our body cannot manufacture it and we must consume it everday as food or supplements. If you miss them, you'll get some horrible collection of diseases mainly will be life theatened" Dr. Joel D.Wallach,BS.DVM,ND

Islam & Sports

Islam & Sports

The 24-year-old wore a hijab -- a scarf which covers the hair and neck -- along with leggings and long sleeves, but still outpaced her more scantily-clad rivals to win gold for Bahrain.

How do you feel looking your wife halfnaked on the track?

 Ruqaya Al Ghasara said "Wearing conservative clothes has encouraged me. Wearing a veil proves that Muslim women face no obstacles and encourages them to participate in sport. This is a glory to all Muslim women."

Sport Science & Physical Education: Heat Stroke

Sport Science & Physical Education: Heat Stroke

Heat stroke ia true medical emergency. In this case, all of the heat mechanisms have failed and the body temperature has risen to the point where the brain's regulating mechanism has been knocked out. Body temperature may go as high as 107F to 109F. The symptoms of heat stroke are red, hot skin,lack of sweating and usually loss of consciousness. Get someone with heat stroke to the emergency room immediately, where an ice bath, ice packs or a cooling blanket can be used to help lower the body temperature. Someone with heat stroke could die very quickly without treatment.

Malay Version

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Dietician

Allied health care professionals who are trained specifically in the field of nutrition are called dieticians.An athlete's performance can be enhanced with the aid of sound nutrition,and the dietician is the resident expert in this fields.For example, during the rehabilitation process, the dietician may be consulted when an athlete is being treated for a psychological problem in the form of an eating disorder. Athletes being rehabilitated for physical problems may also exhibit nutritional problems that the dietician may assist in managing.Most dieticians are employed by a hospital.Often, they serve as consultants to athletes and teams on dietary matters.The dieticians areas of expertise in sport include weight gain and loss,bulimia, anorexia nervosa, pre-competition meals,proper hydration, and nutritional supplementation.

Range of Motion

Defining Range of Motion

Range of motion(ROM) can be defined as the movement of body part through a particular joint’s complete,unrestricted.,normal motion. Normal joint movement is dictated by the following:
1. The type of joint involved
2. The shape and surface of the joint
3. The degrees of freedom of motion allowed at the particular joint
4. The contractile and noncontractile tissues surrounding the joint.

Normal ROM accurs smoothly when active muscle contraction produces muscle shortening. As the muscle shortens, the bone on which the particular muscle inserts is acted on, yielding physiological joint motion. Normal ROMs have been established for each joint of the body. ROM is categorized as being active, active-assisted, or passive. Active and passive components can be subdivided into physiological and accessory components.

Active ROM

Active range of motion(AROM) is the motion produced by active muscle contraction. Forces generated by the muscle that are primarily responsible for a given motion cause the body segment to which the muscle’s origin. AROM can occur with the assistance of gravity, with the effect of gravity eliminated, or against gravity. AROM must be assessed as the body part moves against gravity and it provides a true measurement of the muscle and tendon tissue’s effect on joint movement.

Active-Assisted Range of Motion(AAROM)

AAROM is motion in which the body segment being moved is assisted through at least part of the normal ROM. Motion must be assisted because of a breakdown in normal ROM. Assistance can be offered by gravity, an uninvolved body part, an object or device,or an external force.

Passive ROM

Passive range of motion(PROM) is movement that takes place with no active muscle assistance.it is usually performed by another person who takes the body part through the ROM manually. The athlete may also perform PROM manually on him or herself.